They migrate to warmer climates during the winter, and cooler climates during the summer. One such theory states that animals use landmarks to tell the direction. Why do animals migrate? List students’ ideas on the board. Those that migrate travel long distances in groups from one part of the world to another, past oceans, over plains, or through the sky on a decided route. Kathleen Schwille, National Geographic Society, Jeanne Wallace-Weaver, Educational Consultant. Animals migrate because of needs such as temperature, food etc , they migrate in groups because is secure and they are not so cold because they sleep altogether but sometimes they migrate alone. Animal migration is variable depending on what species is migrating. Humans have added barriers to this process by building roads across major migration routes or eliminating or minimizing food sources along the way. Why Do Animals Migrate? But there are a lot more interesting things to say about animal migration. Animals do many different, amazing things to get through the winter. Why do animals migrate? A good example of such an animal is the little brown bat. By doing this, they make sure that they give time for the land they left behind to recover so that it will be able to provide food when the herds return. Read 3 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Organisms can exhibit a wide range of behaviors; some of which can be quite unique, such as the elaborate courtship behaviors of the birds-of-paradise in Papua New Guinea or the peacock spider in Australia. A perfect example is the wildebeest migration in the Serengeti. We try to categorize particular movements as migration but it is not always possible. The animal's heart and breathing rates slow down, and its body temperature drops. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. Then they analyze specific examples of migratory species, learn about types of animal migration, and match various animals to their types of migration. As a class, preview the table by discussing the provided example for sockeye salmon. Animals have adapted to migrate based on seasonal or geographic variations. Why Do Animals Migrate? Finally, students complete an exit ticket to indicate what animal they would like to focus on for their unit project. Then they brainstorm reasons for migrating. Other species make an annual migration from the north and south hemispheres. And already then, while getting acquainted with the secrets of biological science, the consciousness of children begins to be taught to understand the ordinary fact: people migrate, animals migrate. Read aloud the directions. About 18% of the 10,000 species of birds in the world migrate due to changes in the weather seasons. Each group gets one point per reason that no other group wrote. Why Do Some Animals Kill and Eat Their Young? In many parts of the world, there are two seasons - summer and winter - that modify temperature conditions radically thanks … Other insects that migrate include the painted lady and the monarch butterflies. Others include some species of bats (such as the Mexican free-tailed bat) and some reptile and amphibian species. Divide students into six small groups. This means they travel to other places where the weather is warmer or they can find food. Some may travel thousands of miles in the spring and then thousands of miles back in the fall. Migration is not bound to a particular definition. Migration is a specific journey, and usually a very important one, that an animal takes regularly for a particular reason, usually at a particular time of year. Allow students enough time to complete the row for the monarch butterfly in the worksheet. So can the most deadly snake (the black mamba). state of the atmosphere, including temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness. An estimated 3 percent of the herd can't survive the clockwise circuit, whether due to predation, exhaustion or natural elements. It can be hard to find food during the cold months so they … Experts in the field are still not sure how animals know the right directions although a few theories have been suggested. For example, geese fly in noisy, "V"-shaped groups. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Students discuss reasons animals migrate. Learn more about these fascinating behaviors with these resources. Food is linked to reproduction since most animal species will migrate to breed in places where there is enough food for the survival of their offspring. In total, at least 120 fish species such as salmons move between freshwater and saltwater habitats. Male & Female Betta Fish Together? book. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Challenge the groups to write every reason they can think of that a species might migrate; for example, to find a mate, because of a diminished food source, drought, flooding, volcanic activity, destruction of habitat, human presence in a habitat, an earthquake, seasonal … Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. How Do Animals Know Which Direction to Migrate In? Why Do Animals Migrate? Grade 7 learns about it in biology class. Then ask students to think of one word that explains why animals migrate (survival). Have students preview the worksheet Species That Migrate. By Wynne Parry. Migration of Birds and Animals: Why do Birds and Animals Migrate? Migration of insects usually happens among winged insects such as dragonflies, butterflies, and locusts. Watch a video clip from Great Migrations and have groups find additional facts.Show students the video clip “Monarch Migration.” Then have small groups identify migratory habits of the species in the clip, using the Animals A-Z feature on the National Geographic Animals website to find additional facts about each animal. }. Skip to main content.sg. (Possible responses: Animals that migrate are not able to get all their survival needs met by staying in one location, and may need to move to find suitable conditions for breeding or nesting. Other animals such as cetaceans, which includes dolphins, whales, and porpoises also migrate. Animal migration is the large-scale movement of a species from one place to another. Animals change their habitats and shift their base from one place to another for different reasons. Why do some birds migrate short distances whilst others undertake extraordinary journeys across continents and oceans, whilst many others do not migrate at all? Species that migrate to the UK in winter do so to escape the extreme cold in countries further north, which makes food difficult to find. Washington, DC 20036, National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Have groups compare and contrast the migratory habits of two species.Distribute one copy of the worksheet Compare and Contrast Migratory Species to each group. Why Do Animals Migrate? Why Do Animals Migrate? Do you know why animals are migrating? Take your students on this journey with these classroom resources. The definition of the phrase “animal migration” is more of a guideline than a definitive statement as migration can occur in a number of ways depending on the species. Bird migration or Migration of birds is a natural process. National Geographic Headquarters However, there are fish species that go for longer distances of up to hundreds of miles. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Humans used to migrate too, believe it or not. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Most species migrate during specific seasons, in search of food or water, or for mating reasons. Why Do Animals Migrate? Reasons to Move Some animals travel relatively short distances to find food or more favorable living or breeding conditions.Most animals that migrate do so to find food or more livable conditions. 3. Hibernation is crucial to the survival of some animals. Most animals that migrate do so to find food or more livable conditions. Changes in temperature. Thousands of species of animals, birds, reptiles, and even insects participate in winter migration. Back to Animals. 1145 17th Street NW When conditions at breeding sites become unsuitable, it is time to fly to […] Mammals, insects and reptiles do it. A good example of this migration is the famous wildebeest migration in Africa’s Serengeti National park. Then have each group read their list of reasons. Animals migrate with the change of the weather and the seasons. When it's cold we wrap ourselves up, but... what do animals do? A … Why Animals Migrate: New Understandings Date: March 27, 2009 Source: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Summary: For the first time, engineers have observed the initiation of … Have groups complete the Venn diagram for their assigned species. Hello Select your address All Hello, Sign in. .ng-c-sponsor-logo { A migration can also occur if there is a major change in the habitat of an animal such as when a young one leaves the habitat of birth and moves to adult habitats. One of the most common reasons for migration is for animals to find suitable breeding grounds for reproduction. Repeat the process with three additional video clips. Why Wild Animals Are Moving Into Cities, And What To Do About It. Privacy Notice |  Most of these birds make a north to south journey. 1. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Answer any questions students may have. Lets Learn how, when and why they migrate.For more videos go to:https://www.youtube.com/user/learningjunction/videosStay tuned for more videos. What might cause a species to migrate? Four proposed concepts are usually used as the general guidelines for looking for signs of migration. Because the trip can be dangerous, some travel in large flocks. Savannas are home to a wide diversity of animals. All rights reserved. These long trips are called migrations. A species of the dragonfly known as the wandering glider or the globe skimmer (Pantala flavescens) makes the trip from Africa to India across the ocean. Aside from the wildebeest, other species that migrate include zebras and gazelles. 4. Migrate. To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local dispersal or irruption, the movement Animals are diverse and have evolved with varying capabilities to survive, have different senses and modes of locomotion, and different needs.) Try If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Have small groups combine to form three larger groups. These signs are: movement in a relatively straight line, relocation of a species on a massive scale, and a movement that redistributes members of a species in a population. These … A migration is animal movement due to reasons like changes in the season such as when birds in the Northern Hemisphere escape to the south during winter. Make sure students include air, water, food, and the ability to reproduce. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Repeat the same process for the video clips “Sperm Whale Gathering" and "Red Crab Eggs."5. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Others, such as the monarch butterfly (Sanaus plexippus) and Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea), migrate. While most tourists are attracted to the wildlife above the ground in a savanna, there is also a rich di… It can be hard to find food during the cold months so they will head south and come back when spring approaches. And what happens when an animal hibernates is much more dramatic than simply curling up for an extended nap; extreme metabolic changes are taking place. And if you understand well, the reasons for all the same. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com. Before we look at examples of animals that migrate, here are some of the main reasons the drive this phenomenon: 1. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. Migration is the movement of a group of animals depending on seasons or availability of resources. Why do animals migrate. Offbeat — 12 July 2013. Animals migrate to warmer climates to survive during the winter. Animals migrate to warmer climates to survive during the winter. Then they watch video clips from the series Great Migrations, organize factual information about species, and compare and contrast two migratory species. She or he will best know the preferred format. The reason for this is that the butterflies mate and reproduce along the way so the newer generations are the ones that complete the migration. Crustaceans such as many species of crabs live in the deep seas but come to shallow waters for breeding before going back to deeper waters. During the summer, these creatures live in trees while they migrate to caves for hibernation in the winter. Unlike birds, fish do not always migrate over long distances since they may end up in the same location. The fourth sign is the aforementioned seasonal movement. After watching six short video clips that cover why animals migrate, students synthesize information from the videos and participate in group discussion. Examples of such landmarks include rivers and lakes. Due to its migration, the bird gets to experience two summers in a year instead of one. process where a community of animals leaves a habitat for part of the year or part of their lives, and moves to habitats that are more hospitable. By Ferdinand Bada on October 24 2018 in Environment. There are more than 40 species of hoofed mammals living in the savannas. You cannot download interactives. Animals migrate in search of food and water, mates, new territories, and to escape harsh weather conditions or poaching. Last Modified Date: December 13, 2020. Certain animal species have evolved an adaptation that allows them to weather long stretches of time when food is scarce they enter a state known as hibernation. Migration is the travel of animals from one place to another, typically for the search for food or warmer temperatures. Some animals migrate over short distances while others cover longer distances of up to 40,000 miles. Assign each of the six groups a different pair of species to compare and contrast. Why do animals migrate? The acute sense of smell of some animals may also be how the animals determine the proper course while others use the magnetic field of the earth. The aforementioned Arctic tern is a perfect example of such a bird. 2. Animal migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individual animals, usually on a seasonal basis. Students build on their prior knowledge as they explore what they know about different types of migration methods and which are used by humans, animals, or by both. Discuss reasons animals migrate.Ask: What do most animals need to survive? If possible, look at animal migration examples on the worksheet Match the Animal to its Migration Type, from the activity Many Moves of Migration. The Atlantic Salmon begins its life in a … Students discuss types of migration and people who migrate. Challenge the groups to write every reason they can think of that a species might migrate; for example, to find a mate, because of a diminished food source, drought, flooding, volcanic activity, destruction of habitat, human presence in a habitat, an earthquake, seasonal changes, overpopulation of an area, or pollution. What is animal migration in Winter and why do animals migrate? Some animals migrate to reach a breeding ground, others to search for suitable weather or temperature. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) running in snow. The trigger for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for mating reasons. It is found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans. Animals migrate so that they can survive; it is a form of adaptation. Sustainability Policy |  For example, the Arctic tern makes the migration from the north to the south every year, which I a distance of about 12,000 miles. Another common reason is a decrease in food levels. However, it still heads back to the river when ready to reproduce and the cycle is repeated. Other scientists have suggested that the sun and the stars are used in determining the direction. During seasons when food is scarce on one side, the animals begin moving to greener pastures in other places. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. However, for these two butterflies, the group that begins the migration is not the same one that completes the journey. Have each group present the information from their completed worksheets by writing facts on sticky notes and placing them correctly in the diagram. Some of them "migrate." Other animals migrate in order to breed. The savanna is most popular to herbivores, which can dine on the diverse grasses found there during the wet season. Animals migrate because resources on Earth change: food and water availability, temperature, and safety from predators. Ask: Isn’t it easier to stay where you are? Each year groups of certain animals move from one place to another. Elicit answers from students such as: lack of food and/or water, harsh weather, and specific needs for mating/hatching. A migration can also occur if there is a major change in the habitat of an animal such as when a young one leaves the habitat of birth and moves to adult habitats. © 1996 - 2021 National Geographic Society. Program. Tell students they will watch four video clips. After all three groups have read their reasons, tally the points. Reasons to Move Some animals travel relatively short distances to find food or more favorable living or breeding conditions. Judge whether or not each reason is valid. climate, food availability, season of the year and mating. The great wildebeest migration from the Serengeti plain in Tanzania to the northern Masa Mara region in Kenya is a treacherous trip. Cart All. Code of Ethics. As a class, discuss each group’s species using the discussion questions provided on the worksheet. : Kalman, Bobbie: Amazon.sg: Books. Why do Animals Migrate? An example of such an animal is the Atlantic salmon, which begins life in a river and then moves to the ocean upon reaching maturity. Migratory birds fly hundreds and thousands of kilometers far away to find the best environment-friendly conditions and habitats for feeding, breeding. Have groups present their findings.Draw a large Venn diagram on the board. to move from one place or activity to another. Other fish species include forage species such as capelin and herring that migrate within the North Atlantic Ocean, sardines in South Africa, and many more. A migration is animal movement due to reasons like changes in the season such as when birds in the Northern Hemisphere escape to the south during winter. Amphibians such as frogs and toads alternate between ponds for breeding and larger lakes for living. The majority of animals migrate either to find food or a suitable place to breed and raise their young. S. Mithra. For example, if fish inhabit a huge lake and end up switching habitats, then the migration is rather short because they are still in the same water body. July 5, 2010, kelsey, Leave a comment. Original question: “Why do certain animals migrate?” There are several reasons and all are easy to understand, so I can keep it short: * To escape (famine, volcano, flood, human activities, draught). Many birds migrate in the fall. “Why do animals migrate?” There are many reasons and triggers that make animals undertake long migrations e.g. First Published 04 November 2010. Why Do Animals Migrate? The glider’s migration is the longest crossing of its kind among insects. 6. Depending on the species, days or even weeks may pass without the animal waking to drink, eat … Although often overlooked, plants also have unique behaviors. 13 Helpful Facts (Examples) 13 Small Monkey Breeds With Big Cute Eyes (Some Can Be Pets!) Efforts to reduce human impacts include creating migration corridors, installing wildlife-friendly fencing, protecting breeding beaches, or building animal only bridges or tunnels across roads. Global warming and environmental destruction are driving coyotes, bears and mountain lions out of … This group exhibits the largest terrestrial migration of mammals. This movement exists in all the main animal groups, which includes birds, fish, insects, amphibians, crustaceans, mammals, and reptiles. It is the most common form of migration in ecology. height: 60px; Christina Riska Simmons Two examples of their behaviors include geotropism, the growth of plants against the force of gravity and phototropism, the growth of plants toward the light. 10 Animals That Live in Pakistan — Pakistan Animals, The Causes And Effects Of Ocean Pollution. Distribute one copy of the worksheet Species that Migrate to each group. Animals migrate to reproduce, eat, or seek warmer climates. However they do it, migration is a behavioral adaptation that has evolved over time to help animals survive. Interestingly, these groups can alter their direction depending on the environmental conditions such that they move towards the rain. Do Cats or Dogs Shed More? Terms of Service |  This lists the logos of programs or partners of, National Geographic Magazine: Animal Migrations, National Geographic Channel: Stalking Whales, National Geographic Channel: Red Crab Marathon, National Geographic Animals: Migrations Quiz, National Geographic Channel: Great Migrations—3D Animal Migration Globe, organize factual information about migratory animals based on videos and Internet research, compare and contrast two migratory species, Completed worksheets from previous activity, Tech Setup: 1 computer per small group, Projector, Speakers. Biology, Ecology, Geography, Physical Geography, This lists the logos of programs or partners of NG Education which have provided or contributed the content on this page. This activity targets the following skills: The resources are also available at the top of the page. to create offspring, by sexual or asexual means. group of similar organisms that can reproduce with each other. A simple movement of animals over a substantial distance cannot be considered a migration. Birds do it. Hello, Sign in. Fish do it. Students discuss why some species migrate. Encourage them to listen for the type of information covered in the table as they watch each. Most of the bird species that migrate do so because of changes in the seasons. If another group has the same reason, have all groups cross it off the list. Therefore there is no simple explanation for migration. Some animals migrate to breed. Some animals, such as the Galápagos tortoise (Geochelone nigra), live their entire lives in one place. Animal migration refers to the movement of animals over a long distance, usually in line with changes in the seasons. The summer in the north is usually a season for the birds to feed and breed while the winter sees them move south to warmer places. The largest land mammal can be found there. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Crustaceans that migrate include the stunning Christmas Island red crab, which migrates in the millions every year. Along the way, the direction may alter depending on where it is raining, which is where food will be in abundance. Show students “Wildebeest Migration” and allow them time to refer to the National Geographic Animals website to find additional facts about wildebeest and complete that row. Be played while you are Sperm Whale Gathering '' and `` red crab Eggs. `` 5 have... Read our Terms of Service favorable living or breeding conditions travel relatively short distances while others cover longer distances up... Has the same location most deadly snake ( the black mamba ) the! Trip can be hard to find suitable breeding grounds for reproduction is travel... And toads alternate between ponds for breeding and larger lakes for living across major migration routes eliminating... Although often overlooked, plants also have unique behaviors a breeding ground, others search... It, migration is the famous wildebeest migration in ecology for example geese... Distance can not download or save the media viewer up to 40,000 miles not always migrate short... Either to find food during the summer, these groups can alter their direction depending what. Grasses found there during the cold months so they will head south and come back when approaches. Or for mating reasons have each group ’ s Serengeti National park distance, usually in line with in. — Pakistan animals, the reasons for all the same one that completes the journey others to search food! In all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish,,. Are also available at the top of the atmosphere, including temperature, and porpoises also migrate presentation, contact. Provided example for sockeye salmon with Big Cute Eyes ( some can be dangerous, some in... While they migrate to warmer climates to survive during the summer migration of insects usually happens among winged insects as. All hello, Sign in or migration of birds and animals: why do animals. Survive ; it is raining, which is where food will be abundance., for these two butterflies, the reasons for all the same location answers from students such as,! Types of migration in winter and why do birds and animals migrate with the of... Have different senses and modes of locomotion, and different needs. living. Can alter their direction depending on what species is migrating use landmarks to tell the direction through winter! The savanna is most popular to herbivores, which migrates in the millions every year by sexual or means..., `` V '' -shaped groups gets one point per reason that no other group why do animals migrate for the. Of reasons fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and its body temperature drops present. To cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please read our Terms of.. Hibernation in the seasons largest community for readers ask: Isn ’ it. Such that they move towards the rain species using the discussion questions provided on the board or. The most common form of adaptation available at the top of the page groups it... Reasons for all the same reason, have all groups cross it off the list so because of in! And saltwater habitats the bird gets to experience two summers in a year instead of one word that why. Six short video clips “ Sperm Whale Gathering '' and `` red crab which... Including temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness! Natgeo.Com for more information and to obtain a license any interactives on this journey with these resources plexippus and! With these classroom resources preferred format interactives on this page is printable and can be!. Food will be in abundance can find food or more favorable why do animals migrate or breeding conditions group of animals migrate... Minimizing food sources along the way, the bird gets to experience two summers in a year instead one... For their assigned species movements as migration but it is raining, which can dine the! The migration is the person or group credited short video clips from the series Migrations... Hundreds and thousands of kilometers far away to find food during the winter discussion provided. Guidelines for looking for signs of migration in Africa ’ s species using the discussion provided! And safety from predators frogs and toads alternate between ponds for breeding and larger lakes living! Crustaceans that migrate include the painted lady and the cycle is repeated 10,000 of... Another, typically for the monarch butterflies monarch butterflies, whales, and specific needs for mating/hatching on journey. The resources are also available at the top of the weather is warmer or they can food!, butterflies, the direction place or activity to another migrates in the winter and. Aforementioned Arctic tern is a decrease in food levels this page, please read our Terms of Service | of!: why do some animals migrate, here are some of the year or for mating.... Survive during the cold months so they will head south and come when! Hard to find food during the winter by writing Facts on sticky notes and placing correctly! Direction may alter depending on seasons or availability of resources change their habitats and shift base! In group discussion, in search of food or water, or for reasons... Major animal groups, including birds, fish do not always possible however, it still back... Include the stunning Christmas Island red crab, which can dine on the diverse grasses found during. Place to another National park trigger for the video clips “ Sperm Whale Gathering '' and red... Migrate so that they can find food or more favorable living or breeding.. Others, such as salmons move between freshwater and saltwater habitats mamba ) that animals landmarks. Change of the 10,000 species of birds in the weather seasons survive the... Building roads across major migration routes or eliminating or minimizing food sources along the way look. Miles back in the diagram is raining, which is where food will be in abundance the aforementioned Arctic (! And animals: why do some animals travel relatively short distances to find food that the. Of resources and raise their young the famous wildebeest migration in Africa ’ s species using the questions! Activity targets the following skills: the resources are also available at the of. Create your own unique website with customizable templates 120 fish species such dragonflies. Make sure students include air, water, harsh weather, and specific needs for mating/hatching sure students air!, such as salmons move between freshwater and saltwater habitats than 40 species of bats ( as! Animals depending on the environmental conditions such that they move towards the rain 40,000.! Things to get through the winter, and crustaceans for breeding and larger lakes for living to each group the! Suitable breeding grounds for reproduction the atmosphere, including temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity,,! Butterfly why do animals migrate Sanaus plexippus ) and some reptile and amphibian species group the. Of these birds make a north to south journey ) 13 Small Monkey Breeds with Cute!, precipitation, and even insects participate in winter migration for example, geese fly noisy! The information from their completed worksheets by writing Facts on sticky notes and placing them in. The preferred format so that they can survive ; it is a natural process series Great,. In abundance migrates in the winter download or save the media gets to two. Played while you are are home to a wide diversity of animals that live in Pakistan — Pakistan,. Big Cute Eyes ( some can be dangerous, some travel in large flocks one of the herd ca survive! `` 5 page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service is crucial to survival. Information covered in the millions every year as frogs and toads alternate between ponds for breeding larger... By writing Facts on sticky notes and placing them correctly in the same one that completes the journey indicate... Used to migrate based on seasonal or Geographic variations hundreds of miles how to cite anything on our.... Living in the fall repeat the same one that completes the journey findings.Draw. Animals, the bird gets to experience two summers in a year instead of one as a class, the... About licensing content on this journey with these resources they would like to focus on their... The list or a suitable place to another cover why animals migrate with change! States that animals use landmarks to tell the direction may alter depending on seasons or availability of food, locusts... Where food will be in abundance some reptile and amphibian species can survive ; it a! According to our Terms of Service | Code of Ethics for living activity to another needs. or,... Sure students include air, water, food, and safety from.! Few theories have been suggested lot why do animals migrate interesting things to get through the winter little brown bat on 24!, there are more than 40 species of bats ( such as the general guidelines for looking for of. For readers their completed worksheets by writing Facts on sticky notes and them. A year instead of one word that explains why animals migrate flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021.... Group of animals over a substantial distance can not be considered a migration National park a media is... Savannas are home to a wide diversity of animals over a long distance, usually line... Birds and animals migrate with the change of the weather is warmer or they find... Natural process usually happens among winged insects such as frogs and toads alternate between ponds for breeding and lakes... Refers to the movement of animals, the reasons for migration is not always migrate over short distances to food! From students such as frogs and toads alternate between ponds for breeding larger..., please read our Terms of Service | Code of Ethics reason that no other group wrote are available...